Biodiversity Loss and Prevention - What is the data saying?

Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) is now a legal requirement for nearly all new developments England- as we’ve discussed before, this is one of the most ambitious policies in the world when it comes to nature restoration. But it’s important we don’t just look at BNG, but at the state of biodiversity and nature as a whole. 

As we have set out before, there has been a decline in species abundance over many decades. This country has lost nearly half of its biodiversity since the Industrial Revolution, positioning it as one of the most nature-depleted countries globally​ (see the State of Nature Report). 

Comprehensive tracking and systematic recording of these declines really began in the 1970s and this decade marks the beginning of more organised and widespread biodiversity monitoring efforts, driven by advancements in ecological science and increased awareness of environmental issues.

Despite the scale of the challenges, initiatives like large-scale restoration projects and agri-environment schemes show that recovery is possible with focused efforts. In this blog we will delve into statistics that highlight both the challenges and the impactful conservation efforts that align with the new BNG policies, offering insights into how we can collectively work towards a more biodiverse and resilient future.

Overall UK Biodiversity

As noted above, the UK has experienced severe biodiversity loss, with almost half of its natural biodiversity gone since the Industrial Revolution, placing it in the bottom 10% globally and making it the worst among G7 nations (Earth.Org). This drastic decline is attributed to habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, which have collectively pushed many species towards extinction. The country's biodiversity loss is more pronounced than in many other developed nations, underscoring the urgent need for effective conservation measures to halt and reverse these trends and restore ecological balance.

Species Decline

The abundance of species studied in the UK has declined by 19% (National Biodiversity Network, State of Nature). This decline is particularly alarming among pollinators such as bees, hoverflies, and moths, which have decreased by an average of 18% (National Biodiversity Network, State of Nature). Predatory insects like the 2-spot ladybird, essential for controlling crop pests, have also suffered significant losses, with their populations declining by 34% (State of Nature). These statistics highlight a critical issue in the UK's biodiversity, where the loss of these species has far-reaching implications for ecological balance and agricultural productivity.

Pollinators are crucial for the reproduction of many plants, including those that produce fruits, vegetables, and seeds essential for human consumption and wildlife sustenance. Bees, hoverflies, and moths facilitate the pollination process, ensuring the growth and survival of these plants. Their decline threatens the stability of food webs and the availability of diverse crops, impacting not only ecological health but also food security and agricultural economies. 

Predatory insects like the 2-spot ladybird play a vital role in natural pest control, reducing the need for chemical pesticides, which can have detrimental effects on the environment and non-target species. Their decline can lead to increased pest populations, further disrupting ecological balance and affecting crop yields

The importance of these species extends beyond their immediate ecological roles. They are integral to maintaining biodiversity, which enhances ecosystem resilience and productivity. Diverse ecosystems are better equipped to withstand environmental changes and provide essential services such as clean air and water, soil fertility, and climate regulation. 

The decline of pollinators and predatory insects signifies a broader environmental crisis, reflecting habitat loss, climate change, and pollution. Addressing their decline is not only about conserving individual species but also about preserving the intricate and interconnected systems that support life on Earth. By prioritising their conservation, we can ensure the health and sustainability of our ecosystems for future generations.

Habitat Condition

The state of habitats essential for wildlife in the UK is dire, with only 14% of these habitats in good condition (National Biodiversity Network). This statistic highlights the extensive degradation affecting the UK's natural environments, where human activities have significantly altered landscapes, reducing their capacity to support diverse species and ecological processes. Woodlands, which are crucial for countless species and serve as vital carbon sinks, are particularly affected, with only 7% assessed as being in a good ecological state (National Biodiversity Network). Peatlands, another critical habitat known for its role in carbon storage and water regulation, fare slightly better, yet only 25% are in good condition (National Biodiversity Network). The degradation of these habitats underscores the urgent need for restoration efforts to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services.

The situation is equally grim for marine habitats, where none of the seafloor around the UK was found to be in good condition due to habitat damage from fishing gear. The seafloor is an essential habitat for many marine species, providing breeding grounds, shelter, and feeding areas. Damage from activities like bottom trawling not only destroys these habitats but also disrupts marine ecosystems, leading to declines in fish populations and other marine life. This degradation affects the entire marine food web, from the smallest invertebrates to the largest predators, and undermines the sustainability of fisheries and the livelihoods dependent on them.

The loss and degradation of these habitats have far-reaching implications for biodiversity and ecosystem health. Habitats like woodlands, peatlands, and marine environments are not only home to a wide array of species but also perform critical ecological functions such as carbon sequestration, water purification, and soil stabilisation. Their decline compromises these functions, exacerbating climate change impacts, increasing the risk of flooding, and reducing the natural beauty and recreational value of these landscapes. Addressing habitat loss requires comprehensive conservation strategies that include habitat restoration, sustainable land and sea use practices, and policies that mitigate the drivers of habitat degradation. By prioritising these efforts, we can help restore ecological balance, support biodiversity, and enhance the resilience of natural systems to environmental changes.

Plant Species Loss

The decline in plant species in the UK is a critical issue that reflects broader environmental challenges. More than half of the UK's flowering plants (54%) have experienced reductions in their distribution (National Biodiversity Network), meaning that they are now found in fewer locations than they were historically. Bryophytes, which include mosses and their relatives, have seen a similar decline, with 59% showing decreased distribution (National Biodiversity Network). This significant loss of plant species is indicative of the broader biodiversity crisis and highlights the importance of conserving plant life to maintain ecological balance.

These plants play vital roles in ecosystems by providing food and habitat for a wide range of animals, including insects, birds, and mammals. For instance, plants like heather and chamomile, which are becoming less common, are essential for pollinators and other wildlife. The decline of such plants disrupts these interactions, leading to cascading effects throughout the ecosystem. Beyond this, plants contribute to essential ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, soil stabilisation, and water regulation. The loss of plant species undermines these critical functions, exacerbating issues like climate change and soil erosion.

One of the significant factors driving plant species loss is habitat destruction, often due to agricultural expansion, urban development, and pollution. Invasive species and climate change further stress plant populations, making it difficult for native species to survive and thrive. For example, agricultural practices that rely heavily on pesticides can harm non-target plant species and reduce the diversity of plant life in agricultural landscapes. 

Conservation efforts are essential to halt and reverse these declines. Protecting and restoring natural habitats can provide refuges for plant species and support their recovery. Initiatives such as creating wildflower meadows, managing woodlands sustainably, and restoring peatlands can have significant positive impacts on plant diversity. To this end, public engagement and policy support for conservation practices (such as BNG)  are crucial. 

Marine Species

Marine species in the UK are facing significant declines due to various environmental pressures. Nearly one-third of marine mammals and reef-forming corals are threatened with extinction, while around one-third of fish stocks are overfished, with an additional 60% fished at their maximum sustainable levels. These pressures severely impact marine ecosystems, which are vital for biodiversity and human livelihoods (NRDC).

The condition of the seafloor around the UK is particularly alarming, with none of it found to be in good condition due to damage from fishing gear and other human activities. This degradation affects species that rely on the seafloor for habitat and food, disrupting the entire marine food web (National Biodiversity Network). Additionally, seabird populations have declined by an average of 24% since 1986, influenced by overfishing, pollution, and climate change, which reduce prey availability and degrade nesting sites (State of Nature).

Overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction are all critical threats to marine life. The Natural History Museum reports that 97% of fish species listed under the Convention on Migratory Species are at risk of extinction. Species like the European eel, giant manta rays, and whale sharks have experienced population declines of up to 90% since 1970. Overfishing, particularly, has had a devastating impact, pushing many species towards extinction and necessitating urgent sustainable management practices to rebuild these stocks and ensure their long-term viability​ (Natural History Museum)

Efforts to mitigate these declines include the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which restrict human activities to allow ecosystems to recover. Currently, less than 5% of the ocean is protected, but scientists recommend increasing this to at least 30% to ensure a healthy and resilient marine environment (Marine Conservation Institute). Sustainable fishing practices and pollution reduction are also crucial for reversing the trends of marine biodiversity loss . By implementing these measures, we can protect marine biodiversity and ensure the sustainability of ocean resources for future generations.

How BNG can help

For individuals and businesses now required to comply with Biodiversity Net Gain rules, understanding biodiversity data is key. This knowledge helps ensure that development projects are designed and executed in ways that support ecological health and sustainability. By being informed, all parties can make better decisions that align with legal requirements and contribute to the restoration and preservation of habitats and species. Understanding the data and history of biodiversity loss also fosters appreciation for the extensive research and effort behind these policies, helping to see them not as burdens but as essential steps towards a sustainable future.